Rolls have been produced in an enormous variety of designs, including simple lines, simple and intricate patterns, as well as edge and title rolls. The smaller size, however, is still in use. The common diameter of rolls used today is about 3.5 inches, which is capable of producing an impression of about 11 inches in length. The average length of the pattern impressed by early rolls was approximately 5 to 6 inches, which would give a wheel diameter of approximately 1.6 to 1.9 inches. Most of these early rolls were cut intaglio, so that the design on the leather was raised, but many were also cut in relief. The decorative roll was used in Germany at least as early as the 1460s, and was in common use by the second decade of the 16th century. A finishing tool consisting of a brass wheel, the circumference of which is engraved so as to impress a continuous repeating pattern as it revolves under (considerable) pressure. The so-called French fillet is a triple fillet (always in gold) having unevenly spaced lines." ( Roberts & Etherington, 101) The plain line or lines impressed on a book cover. It is sometimes called a "roulette" in the United States. by any great length of time, because once a wheel-type tool was introduced, it would soon be patterned. It is argued that it probably did not precede the roll, which was introduced in about 1470. Bindings of the 12th century, and even earlier, have impressed lines that could have been made with a fillet, but they may also have been impressed with a pallet, or similar tool, dragged across the leather rather than rolled. It is not known when the fillet first came into use. The lines may be continuous or the fillets may have a wedge-shaped gap in the circumference to facilitate starting and stopping lines and also to enable lines to be joined evenly at corners. It is used to impress a line or parallel lines on the covering material of a book, usually one bound in leather. A wheel-shaped finishing tool having one or more raised bands on its circumference.
Also called 'antique tooling.' " ( Roberts & Etherington, 26) Near the end of the 18th and during the early years of the 19th centuries blind tooling was often used on fine bindings in conjunction with gold. In one form or another, the technique has been used continuously up to the present day, but during the 16th to 18th centuries, its use was more or less limited to inferior calf- and sheepskin bindings. There is reason to believe that the technique was brought to Europe from the Mediterranean area about the same time as other Coptic techniques being used, possibly by imported craftsmen however, little is known of blind-tooled bindings until the 12th century and early part of the 13th. When blind lines run across the spine of the book, polishing is accomplished by sliding a pallet along the lines on the covers, where a fillet is used for long lines, it is fixed so that instead of rolling, it slides along the impression.īlind tooling has been used as a means of decorating books since the early days of bookbinding, and can be traced back to COPTIC BINDINGS of the 7th or 8th centuries, and even earlier. The tool is then impressed again and rocked slightly, which polishes and darkens the impression. In tooling leather blind, the surface is given a quick initial strike to "set" the leather in the impression. In general, the damper the leather the cooler the tool should be, and vice versa. The critical aspects of the technique are the temperature of the tool and the degree of dampness of the leather. The effect of blind tooling rests largely on the depth and uniformity of the impressions (which makes it unsuitable for use with hard covering materials) and the ability of the heated tool to produce a darkened color (see above)-factors which make leather, especially in the lighter shades, an ideal medium for this method of decoration. As the name implies, blind tooling does not entail the use of leaf metal, foil, or any other coloring material, with the possible exception of carbon, which is sometimes used to darken the impressions. "A method of decorating a book in which impressions are made in the covering material, usually leather or tawed skin, by means of heated tools, pallets, rolls, fillets, or combinations of one or more of these. 2.23 Colonial North American (Scottish)ĭecorative Techniques Leather Tooling Blind Tooling īlind tooling on a model Byzantine binding.
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